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HOME & AROUND
Seminar stresses on judicious use of petro products
Express News Service
Chandigarh, Aug 30: The Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA), set-up by the Government of India, today highlighted the importance of conservation of energy and the ways and the means by which it can be conserved.
Director, PCRA (New Delhi), Leena Mehendale was addressing a press meet today. She said PCRA was into formulating the strategies and measures to promote economical use of petroleum products. It also aims at highlighting the need for environment protection, and energy security for sustainable development. It is estimated that of the total imports into India, 40 per cent comprises of petroleum products. These products are imported at very high prices and thus arises the need for their economical use said she.
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Mehendale added that various camps are being regularly conducted for making the public aware of the importance of proper use of the petroleum products. People are also told about the ways and means by which they can save petrol as well as other products.
Citing an example, Mehendale said Godhav Rolling Mills in Mandi Gobindgarh, is conducting experiments to prevent the wastage of energy and to achieve the maximum energy level, which in turn has helped them in cutting down their over-all working costs.
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Thursday, September 11, 2008
Petrol-Alcohol-Water Microemulsion Fuel
Development of Petrol-Alcohol-Water Micro-emulsion Fuel as a Substitute for Petrol and Ethanol-Blended Petrol
Manish Arora, Rajat Arora, Sandeep Mourya, Amit A. Gaikwad, K. G. Singh, Lalit Paliwal, R. K. Meena, Leena Mehendale, and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
In response to adverse environmental impacts from mass consumption of fossil petroleum fuels as well as international crude oil reserves being finite, most countries are attempting to find answers to meeting future demand for fuel for transport. Internationally, there is a growing acceptance that renewable ethanol fuel produced from biomass, with its associated environmental benefits, will be the transport fuel of choice for the future. Ethanol/ petroleum fuel blends directly address vehicle emissions and transport fuel security of supply issues. In addition to reducing currently regulated vehicle emissions, the renewable ethanol content of these fuels can result in a net reduction in the emission of unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Use of ethanol/ petroleum fuel blends initially in the existing vehicle fleet is essential to develop the technology and infrastructure necessary to support wide-scale production and use of ethanol fuel.
Petrol-alcohol-water based micro-emulsion fuel represents a new and potentially cost-effective option. Micro-emulsions are optically isotropic, transparent oil and water dispersions which are thermodynamically stable. Micro-emulsions have received considerable attention in recent years because of their interesting thermodynamic and physico-chemical behavior, and diverse applications. A lot of work has been done in areas like micro-emulsion gels and preparation of vitamin E emulsions. But preparation, characterization, and testing of micro-emulsion fuels, comprising of petrol and water, and especially of ethanol-blended petrol and water, remain virtually unexplored.
The petrol-alcohol-water based micro-emulsion fuel was prepared by stirring a blend of petrol, surfactant, co-surfactant, and water in definite proportions and it was produced under certain carefully defined conditions. To prepare a stable micro-emulsion fuel, a specific type of surfactant is required to be added in optimum quantity along with a co-surfactant, which in our case was ethanol (both anhydrous, and hydrous ethanol, i.e. ethanol obtained from sugar mills).
Experiments have been conducted to determine the minimum percentage of anhydrous ethanol that was needed to be added to the mixture of petrol and water, starting with fixed initial compositions of petrol (ranging from about 79%-99.5%)-and-water (ranging from about 0.5%-21%) mixtures. A fixed quantity of surfactant was added to this immiscible petrol-water mixture followed by a continuous addition of the co-surfactant (anhydrous ethanol) until a crystal clear mixture was obtained, i.e. a micro-emulsion (transparent and clear to the naked eye). Other sets of experiments were carried out by starting with fixed quantities of ethanol, surfactant, and petrol, followed by a continuous addition of the water to this mixture until it just about became turbid. A ternary phase diagram was plotted using these data. The diagram had ethanol and surfactant on one axis, water on another, and petrol on the third axis. A number of experiments were carried out to confirm the stability of all the compositions between the defined boundaries (which correspond to the stable micro-emulsion composition zone) by selecting some random compositions in between. Thus, the boundary compositions of petrol, ethanol, surfactant, water and the interior regions of composition were verified for the formation and stability of micro-emulsions.
Similar experiments were also carried out using ethanol obtained from sugar mills (hydrous ethanol) instead of anhydrous ethanol. In this case, fixed quantity of petrol, and surfactant was mixed in a 250 ml (air tight) sample bottle (Borosil). The resulting mixture was obviously turbid (unstable, two-phase region). Ethanol obtained from sugar mills (with different purities) was then added drop by drop with constant stirring, using a magnetic stirrer. The addition was continued till a clear transparent mixture was obtained indicating micro-emulsion formation. The procedure was repeated for different compositions of petrol, and surfactant.
Each micro-emulsion sample was kept separately in an airtight Borosil glass bottle and it was checked on everyday basis for any instability that could creep-in due to weather changes. Some of the samples were even kept in different environmental conditions to check for their stability. Use was made of an incubator to realize temperatures ranging from 0 oC to 40 oC. The micro-emulsions, which were stable on a particular day, did not necessarily imply that they would be stable afterwards. Some of them did become unstable (turbid) after some time, usually within days. The observed instability of micro-emulsions might have been due to the loss of co-surfactant (ethanol) by evaporation. Although the samples were kept in tightly closed sample bottles, the possibility of evaporation of the co-surfactant was still there. Another cause of instability of the micro-emulsion samples, occurring after some time, might be the change in the ambient temperature. In case a micro-emulsion sample turned unstable, it was stabilized using anhydrous ethanol and the composition of that particular micro-emulsion updated accordingly.
The results suggested that the formation of stable micro-emulsion started only at around 55 %v/v of ethanol. At high vol% of petrol (or low vol% of ethanol), a stable micro-emulsion was not obtained. The surfactant was quite effective in obtaining a stable micro-emulsion at a low volume percentage of about 0.29 – 0.33%. Using these experiments, we were successful in mapping the stable micro-emulsion zone on the ternary phase diagram for different compositions of petrol, anhydrous/hydrous ethanol, surfactant, and water.
See more of... #143 - Petrochemicals and Derivatives II (16B02)
See more of... Fuels and Petrochemicals Division - Jointly Co-sponsored with ACS
See more of... The 2008 Spring National Meeting
Manish Arora, Rajat Arora, Sandeep Mourya, Amit A. Gaikwad, K. G. Singh, Lalit Paliwal, R. K. Meena, Leena Mehendale, and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
In response to adverse environmental impacts from mass consumption of fossil petroleum fuels as well as international crude oil reserves being finite, most countries are attempting to find answers to meeting future demand for fuel for transport. Internationally, there is a growing acceptance that renewable ethanol fuel produced from biomass, with its associated environmental benefits, will be the transport fuel of choice for the future. Ethanol/ petroleum fuel blends directly address vehicle emissions and transport fuel security of supply issues. In addition to reducing currently regulated vehicle emissions, the renewable ethanol content of these fuels can result in a net reduction in the emission of unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Use of ethanol/ petroleum fuel blends initially in the existing vehicle fleet is essential to develop the technology and infrastructure necessary to support wide-scale production and use of ethanol fuel.
Petrol-alcohol-water based micro-emulsion fuel represents a new and potentially cost-effective option. Micro-emulsions are optically isotropic, transparent oil and water dispersions which are thermodynamically stable. Micro-emulsions have received considerable attention in recent years because of their interesting thermodynamic and physico-chemical behavior, and diverse applications. A lot of work has been done in areas like micro-emulsion gels and preparation of vitamin E emulsions. But preparation, characterization, and testing of micro-emulsion fuels, comprising of petrol and water, and especially of ethanol-blended petrol and water, remain virtually unexplored.
The petrol-alcohol-water based micro-emulsion fuel was prepared by stirring a blend of petrol, surfactant, co-surfactant, and water in definite proportions and it was produced under certain carefully defined conditions. To prepare a stable micro-emulsion fuel, a specific type of surfactant is required to be added in optimum quantity along with a co-surfactant, which in our case was ethanol (both anhydrous, and hydrous ethanol, i.e. ethanol obtained from sugar mills).
Experiments have been conducted to determine the minimum percentage of anhydrous ethanol that was needed to be added to the mixture of petrol and water, starting with fixed initial compositions of petrol (ranging from about 79%-99.5%)-and-water (ranging from about 0.5%-21%) mixtures. A fixed quantity of surfactant was added to this immiscible petrol-water mixture followed by a continuous addition of the co-surfactant (anhydrous ethanol) until a crystal clear mixture was obtained, i.e. a micro-emulsion (transparent and clear to the naked eye). Other sets of experiments were carried out by starting with fixed quantities of ethanol, surfactant, and petrol, followed by a continuous addition of the water to this mixture until it just about became turbid. A ternary phase diagram was plotted using these data. The diagram had ethanol and surfactant on one axis, water on another, and petrol on the third axis. A number of experiments were carried out to confirm the stability of all the compositions between the defined boundaries (which correspond to the stable micro-emulsion composition zone) by selecting some random compositions in between. Thus, the boundary compositions of petrol, ethanol, surfactant, water and the interior regions of composition were verified for the formation and stability of micro-emulsions.
Similar experiments were also carried out using ethanol obtained from sugar mills (hydrous ethanol) instead of anhydrous ethanol. In this case, fixed quantity of petrol, and surfactant was mixed in a 250 ml (air tight) sample bottle (Borosil). The resulting mixture was obviously turbid (unstable, two-phase region). Ethanol obtained from sugar mills (with different purities) was then added drop by drop with constant stirring, using a magnetic stirrer. The addition was continued till a clear transparent mixture was obtained indicating micro-emulsion formation. The procedure was repeated for different compositions of petrol, and surfactant.
Each micro-emulsion sample was kept separately in an airtight Borosil glass bottle and it was checked on everyday basis for any instability that could creep-in due to weather changes. Some of the samples were even kept in different environmental conditions to check for their stability. Use was made of an incubator to realize temperatures ranging from 0 oC to 40 oC. The micro-emulsions, which were stable on a particular day, did not necessarily imply that they would be stable afterwards. Some of them did become unstable (turbid) after some time, usually within days. The observed instability of micro-emulsions might have been due to the loss of co-surfactant (ethanol) by evaporation. Although the samples were kept in tightly closed sample bottles, the possibility of evaporation of the co-surfactant was still there. Another cause of instability of the micro-emulsion samples, occurring after some time, might be the change in the ambient temperature. In case a micro-emulsion sample turned unstable, it was stabilized using anhydrous ethanol and the composition of that particular micro-emulsion updated accordingly.
The results suggested that the formation of stable micro-emulsion started only at around 55 %v/v of ethanol. At high vol% of petrol (or low vol% of ethanol), a stable micro-emulsion was not obtained. The surfactant was quite effective in obtaining a stable micro-emulsion at a low volume percentage of about 0.29 – 0.33%. Using these experiments, we were successful in mapping the stable micro-emulsion zone on the ternary phase diagram for different compositions of petrol, anhydrous/hydrous ethanol, surfactant, and water.
See more of... #143 - Petrochemicals and Derivatives II (16B02)
See more of... Fuels and Petrochemicals Division - Jointly Co-sponsored with ACS
See more of... The 2008 Spring National Meeting
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